Chicago notes and bibliography details

21. Letter in a published collection

　　Footnote/endnote

　　19. Niccolò Machiavelli to Francesco Vettori, 10 December 1513, Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, trans. and ed. Allan Gilbert （Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965）, 2:927-931.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Machiavelli, Niccolò. Letter to Francesco Vettori, 10 December 1513. In Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, translated and edited by Allan Gilbert, 2:927-931. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965.

　　22. Public documents

　　There are many kinds of public documents. Here we present guidance with the most common types, focusing on American public documents. In some cases I have chosen one of several acceptable formats （there is a good deal of leeway in CMS treatment of citations of public documents）. See the Manual for fuller treatment.

　　Information supplied in a reference

　　What information you must supply and how you order it may vary. A full reference would include these elements, though not necessarily in this order:

　　Governmental territorial division （country, state, etc.） issuing the document.

　　Legislative body, executive department, court or other top-level author.

　　Subsidiary offices or departments.

　　Title of the document or collection.

　　Individual author （editor, compiler） if given.

　　Identification number or other reference referring to the specific document.

　　Publisher, if different from the issuing body.

　　Date.

　　Page or textual division, if relevant.

　　Not all references will have all this information. For economy, some categories may be omitted if obvious from context or deemed unnecessary. References to Senate documents, for instance, often eliminate mention of the Congress. As always, whatever decisions are made about format, consistency should be maintained throughout a work's notes and bibliography.

　　Publication information

　　Most U.S. government publications are printed by the Government Printing Office （Washington, D.C.）. Publication information for government documents may format this printing information in a variety of ways （for instance by abbreviating to GPO or leaving off the city）. The Chicago Manual recommends that a work's references and bibliography choose one format and use it consistently, regardless of how the publication information is formatted in the source. Consistency matters more than the particular format. Nuts and Bolts recommends this version:

　　Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000

　　The Internet

　　Most U.S. government public documents are now accessible online via the Government Printing Office's website （http://www.access.gpo.gov/）. Since references are meant to help readers locate texts, Nuts and Bolts recommends including link information to public documents accessible through the official GPO website （not private third-party sites）. Such link information is likely to become a standard part of references to public documents.

　　For general help with Internet citations, consult the guidelines below.

　　23. The United States Constitution

　　Cite by article or amendment, section, and clause （as needed）. Abbreviations and Arabic numerals are customary.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　23. U.S. Constitution, preamble.

　　24. U.S. Constitution, art.1, sec. 8.

　　25. U.S. Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 1

　　Note: this is the general format for citing the Constitution. Citations in predominantly legal works follow different guidelines: 23. US Const, Amend XIV, § 1. See the Chicago Manual （15.312） for more details, or consult a guide like the University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation.

　　Page numbers or bibliographic information for printed texts of the Constitution are not given.

　　Bibliographic entry. The Constitution is not listed in the bibliography.

　　24. Congressional documents

　　Documents include the Congressional Record; committee reports, hearings, and prints; bills and statues; and other documents. Publication information （city, publisher） is not necessary.

　　Many documents issue from Congressional committees. Use the full committee name even when a sub-committee is identified as the document author. For other congressional documents, include the number and session of Congress, the house （S. stands for Senate, H. and H.R. for House of Representatives）, and the type and number of the publication. Types of congressional publications include public laws （P.L. 106-11）, bills （S 87, H.R. 213）, resolutions （S. Res. 14, H. Res. 29）, reports （S. Rept. 106-109, H. Rept. 103）, and documents （S. Doc. 144, H. Doc. 282）.

　　Congressional Record

　　Since 1873 the Congressional Record （often abbreviated as Cong. Rec. in notes） has served as a daily record of congressional activities and debates. Cite the permanent bound version when possible, and identify daily or biweekly editions （which are likely to have different pagination） when citing them.

　　If, as will usually be the case, the body of your paper identifies the speaker and the subject of a speech recorded in the Congressional Record, the note and reference may take this form:

　　Footnote/endnote. You may include a year, year and date, or skip this information altogether, as the volume and page will locate the source.

　　24. Cong. Rec., 106th Cong., 2nd sess. 2000, 146, no. 111:H7826-H7827.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Congressional Record . 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. Vol. 146, no. 111.

　　If speaker or subject are not clear from your use of the material, include this information in the note and reference:

　　Footnote/endnote. The date may be included.

　　24. Representative David Bonior of Michigan speaking on the floor of the House on the Chinese government's jailing of 81-year-old Catholic bishop Zeng Jingmu, 106th Cong., 2d sess., Cong. Rec. （19 Sept. 2000）, 146, no. 111:H7826-H7827.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. House. Representative David Bonior of Michigan speaking on the Chinese government's jailing of 81-year-old Catholic bishop Zeng Jingmu. 106th Cong., 2d sess. Congressional Record （19 Sept. 2000）. Vol. 146, no. 111.

　　Reports and documents

　　Reports and documents of the Senate and the House are numbered and bound in the serial set. The abbreviations Rept. （Report）, Doc. （Document）, S. （Senate） and H. （House of Representatives） are used.

　　Footnote/endnote. The specific page reference is included if appropriate.

　　29. House Committee on the Judiciary, Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000: Report together with Minority Views （to accompany H.R. 3709）, 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000, H. Rept.106-609, 23-24.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000: Report together with Minority Views （to accompany H.R. 3709）. 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. H. Rept.106-609.

　　Hearings

　　Footnote/endnote. The specific page reference is included if appropriate.

　　32. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and Their Proliferation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 106 Cong., 2nd sess., 2000, 137-142.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and Their Proliferation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations. 106 Cong., 2nd sess., 2000.

　　Committee prints

　　Footnote/endnote. Include page reference if appropriate.

　　33. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices, report submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on International Relations, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in accordance with section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000, Committee Print 45, 117-118.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices, report submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on International Relations, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in accordance with section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. Committee Print 45.

　　Bills （and resolutions）

　　Congressional bills are proposed laws. Bills and resolutions are cited in notes but not usually not included in the bibliography. Initially, bills are published as pamphlets.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　47. House, Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 2000, 106th Cong., 2d sess., H.R. 1291.

　　Or, if the title of the bill appears in the text, it may be left out of the note:

　　47. H.R. 1291, 106th Cong., 2d sess.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　As noted, bills and resolutions are not usually included in the bibliography. If you do list one, the bibliographic entry should include the title:

　　U.S. House. Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 2000. 106th Cong., 2d sess., H.R. 1291.

　　25. Statutes or laws

　　Statutes are published in several different sources, and the particular source must be specified. Statutes may be included in the bibliography, but they are often cited only in notes. Be consistent.

　　Public laws

　　Statutes are first published separately, being referred to as slip laws or public laws.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include page reference（s） if appropriate.

　　35. Border Smog Reduction Act of 1998, Public Law 286, 105th Cong., 1st sess., （27 October 1998）, 3.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Border Smog Reduction Act of 1998. Public Law 286. 105th Cong., 1st sess., 27 October 1998.

　　Statutes at Large

　　After individual publication, laws are collected in bound volumes entitled United States Statutes at Large.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include specific page reference（s） if appropriate.

　　48. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, U.S. Statutes at Large 102 （1989）: 4194, 4227.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. U.S. Statutes at Large 102 （1989）: 4181-4545.

　　U.S. Code

　　Eventually laws are incorporated into the United States Code.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include particular section reference（s） if appropriate.

　　57. Lobbying Disclosure Act, U.S. Code, vol. 2, sec. 1602.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Lobbying Disclosure Act. U.S. Code. Vol. 2, secs. 1601-1612.

　　26. Presidential documents

　　These include executive orders, addresses, and public papers, and other documents. These are published in The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents the Federal Register, which is also available in microfiche （and, Nuts and Bolts adds, online）, and in the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　26. William J. Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Permanent Normal Trade Relations Status With China," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 36, no. 4 （31 January 2000）, 133-179.

　　27.William J. Clinton, "Memorandum on Electronic Commerce," Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, vol. 2 （Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998）, pp. 2100-2102.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Clinton, William J. "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Permanent Normal Trade Relations Status With China." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 36, no. 4 （31 January 2000）, 133-179.

　　_____. "Memorandum on Electronic Commerce." Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998

　　27. Executive department, administrative agency, and government commission documents

　　Discretion is allowed in how to refer to an issuing body. Census Bureau publications, for instance, need not list the Department of Commerce as a parent organization. In general, familiar agencies or bureaus may be cited as the issuing body; citations of less-familiar ones should include the parent department. Sub-units within agencies often issue documents, and these should be listed in top-down order.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　28. U.S. National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare, Building a Better Medicare for Today and Tomorrow （Washington: GPO, 1999）, 117-122.

　　27. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Division of Voluntary Programs, OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses, rev. ed. （Washington, D.C.: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1990）, 23.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare. Building a Better Medicare for Today and Tomorrow. Washington: GPO, 1999.

　　U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Division of Voluntary Programs. OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses, rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1990.

　　28. Federal and state court decisions

　　Court decisions are usually not included in the bibliography.

　　Supreme Court

　　Supreme Court decisions are published officially in the United States Supreme Court Reports （abbreviated U.S.）. They are also published in the Supreme Court Reporter （Sup. Ct.）. Citations should preferably be to U.S., though Sup. Ct. may be used if necessary, or both sources may be cited.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include page reference if pertinent.

　　Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 115 S.Ct. 2097 （1995）.

　　Federal Court

　　Lower federal court decisions are published officially in the Federal Reporter （abbreviated F.）. If the decision is in a supplement （Supp.） or a series （2d, 3rd, etc.） other than the first, this should be noted. The court and date are identified at the end of the citation.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. United States Army Corps of Engineers, 109 F. Supp. 2d 30 （ D.C. Cir. 2000）.

　　State Court

　　Similar format: the case name, reporter reference, state, and year.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　Foley v. Honeywell, 488 N.W.2d 268 （Minn. 1992）.

　　In general, subsequent citations of court decisions may be shortened to case titles: Adarand Constructor, Inc. v. Pena, 47.

　　29. A magazine article

　　Some periodicals may use different titles for articles on the contents page and at the beginning of the article itself. In such cases, use the title from the contents page.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　21. Evan Thomas and Bill Turque, "Gore: The Precarious Prince," Newsweek, 21 August 2000, 38-41.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Thomas, Evan and Bill Turque. "Gore: The Precarious Prince." Newsweek, 21 August 2000, 38-41.

　　30. An anonymous magazine article

　　Footnote/endnote

　　22. "Preserving Life on Other Planets," The Economist, 29 July 2000, 79.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　"Preserving Life on Other Planets." The Economist, 29 July 2000, 79.

　　31. A newspaper article

　　Footnote/endnote

　　23. Jim Hoagland, "The Concord and the Kursk," Washington Post, 20 August 2000, B7.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Hoagland, Jim. "The Concord and the Kursk." Washington Post, 20 August 2000, B7.

　　32. An unsigned article or editorial

　　Footnote/endnote

　　24. "A Right to Discriminate?" Washington Post, 20 August 2000, B6.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　"A Right to Discriminate?" Washington Post 20 August 2000, B6.

　　33. A pamphlet

　　Treat a pamphlet like a book.

　　34. Multiple citations in one note

　　The Chicago Manual of Style recommends avoiding excessive notes when possible. If a sentence has several cited texts, it is generally wise to gather the citations in one note at the end of the sentence.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　This belief, that modern capitalism rewards firms that develop humanistic structures and cultures, has become the conventional wisdom of management studies, expressed in best-selling works over the past twenty years by scholars like Tom Peters, Robert Waterman, William Ouchi, W. Edwards Deming, Peter Senge, and many others.

　　35. See for instance Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., In Search of Excellence （New York: Harper & Row, 1982）; William G. Ouchi, Theory Z （Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1981）; W. Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis （Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1986）; and Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization （New York: Doubleday, 1990）.

　　Likewise, a paragraph containing several short quotations need not give a citation for each of them, especially if they are from the same text. Avoid confusion by matching the number and order of citations to the number and order of quoted passages.

　　Bibliographic entry. Each work, of course, is entered in the bibliography separately.

　　35. A translation

　　Footnote/endnote

　　Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—Ptolemaic and Copernican, trans. Stillman Drake （Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953）, 147-161.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Galilei, Galileo. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—Ptolemaic and Copernican. Translated by Stillman Drake. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953.

　　36. A second or subsequent edition

　　Footnote/endnote. As usual.

　　29. Glynne Wickham, The Medieval Theatre, 3rd ed. （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987）, 222.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Wickham, Glynne. The Medieval Theatre. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

　　The name of an editor, translator, or compiler （if any） is placed before the edition.

　　37. Indirect source

　　Footnote/endnote. Include as much information as you can about the original source.

　　30. Jakob Burckhardt, quoted in Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccol?Machiavelli （Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984）, 25.

　　31. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle （Boston: Little, Brown, 1969）, 56-57. Quoted in William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, vol. 2, Alone: 1932-1940 （Boston: Little, Brown, 1988）, 55.

　　Bibliographic entry. If you use a text only indirectly, don't include it in the bibliography.

　　38. Abbreviations for frequently cited works

　　The Chicago Manual of Style allows in-text parenthetical citations of frequently cited works. This is common, for instance, in extended studies of an author. A note attached to the first citation from the author explains the abbreviations used.

　　The citation in the body of the essay

　　Necessity rather than ethics drives political action, Machiavelli says: "It is necessary for a prince to know well how to use the beast and the man" （P 69）.

　　The note

　　1. Quotations from Machiavelli are cited in the text with the abbreviations listed below, noting text and page reference.

　　P: The Prince, trans. and ed. Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. （Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985）.

　　D: Discourses on Livy, trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov （Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996）.

　　If ten or more abbreviations are used, these should be gathered together in a list and placed nears the endnotes （or bibliography）. If the list is brief （a half-page or less）, it is placed after the heading "Notes" and before the notes themselves…… If the list is long, it is placed on a page or pages preceding the notes or bibliography, with the heading "Abbreviations" in the same style as the Notes. The list is prefaced with a brief explanation, and arranged in two columns: abbreviations on the left, and full bibliographic references on the right. You may use whatever abbreviations are convenient （usually acronyms or the first letter of a text）.

　　39. Missing bibliographic information

　　Use the following abbreviations for information you can't supply.

　　n.p.

　　n.p.

　　n.d. No place of publication given

　　No publisher given

　　No date of publication given

　　If both place and publisher information is lacking, use just one n.p. Put the abbreviation where the information would customarily go.

　　Kiefer, Frederick. Fortune and Elizabethan Tragedy. N.p.: Huntington Library, 1983.

　　If the missing information is known but not given, it may be included in brackets.

　　Carter, Thomas. Shakespeare and Holy Scripture. New York: AMS Press, [1970].

　　If you're uncertain about the accuracy of the information, use a question mark. If a date is approximate, precede it with c. for circa （"about"）.

　　[Norton, Thomas?]. A Declaration of Favourable Dealing by Her Majesty's Commissioners for the Examination of Certain Traitors. London, c. 1583.

　　Especially for old works （pre-1900）, missing publication information may simply be omitted.

　　21. Letter in a published collection

　　Footnote/endnote

　　19. Niccolò Machiavelli to Francesco Vettori, 10 December 1513, Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, trans. and ed. Allan Gilbert （Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965）, 2:927-931.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Machiavelli, Niccolò. Letter to Francesco Vettori, 10 December 1513. In Machiavelli: The Chief Works and Others, translated and edited by Allan Gilbert, 2:927-931. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1965.

　　22. Public documents

　　There are many kinds of public documents. Here we present guidance with the most common types, focusing on American public documents. In some cases I have chosen one of several acceptable formats （there is a good deal of leeway in CMS treatment of citations of public documents）. See the Manual for fuller treatment.

　　Information supplied in a reference

　　What information you must supply and how you order it may vary. A full reference would include these elements, though not necessarily in this order:

　　Governmental territorial division （country, state, etc.） issuing the document.

　　Legislative body, executive department, court or other top-level author.

　　Subsidiary offices or departments.

　　Title of the document or collection.

　　Individual author （editor, compiler） if given.

　　Identification number or other reference referring to the specific document.

　　Publisher, if different from the issuing body.

　　Date.

　　Page or textual division, if relevant.

　　Not all references will have all this information. For economy, some categories may be omitted if obvious from context or deemed unnecessary. References to Senate documents, for instance, often eliminate mention of the Congress. As always, whatever decisions are made about format, consistency should be maintained throughout a work's notes and bibliography.

　　Publication information

　　Most U.S. government publications are printed by the Government Printing Office （Washington, D.C.）. Publication information for government documents may format this printing information in a variety of ways （for instance by abbreviating to GPO or leaving off the city）. The Chicago Manual recommends that a work's references and bibliography choose one format and use it consistently, regardless of how the publication information is formatted in the source. Consistency matters more than the particular format. Nuts and Bolts recommends this version:

　　Washington, D.C.: GPO, 2000

　　The Internet

　　Most U.S. government public documents are now accessible online via the Government Printing Office's website （http://www.access.gpo.gov/）. Since references are meant to help readers locate texts, Nuts and Bolts recommends including link information to public documents accessible through the official GPO website （not private third-party sites）. Such link information is likely to become a standard part of references to public documents.

　　For general help with Internet citations, consult the guidelines below.

　　23. The United States Constitution

　　Cite by article or amendment, section, and clause （as needed）. Abbreviations and Arabic numerals are customary.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　23. U.S. Constitution, preamble.

　　24. U.S. Constitution, art.1, sec. 8.

　　25. U.S. Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 1

　　Note: this is the general format for citing the Constitution. Citations in predominantly legal works follow different guidelines: 23. US Const, Amend XIV, § 1. See the Chicago Manual （15.312） for more details, or consult a guide like the University of Chicago Manual of Legal Citation.

　　Page numbers or bibliographic information for printed texts of the Constitution are not given.

　　Bibliographic entry. The Constitution is not listed in the bibliography.

　　24. Congressional documents

　　Documents include the Congressional Record; committee reports, hearings, and prints; bills and statues; and other documents. Publication information （city, publisher） is not necessary.

　　Many documents issue from Congressional committees. Use the full committee name even when a sub-committee is identified as the document author. For other congressional documents, include the number and session of Congress, the house （S. stands for Senate, H. and H.R. for House of Representatives）, and the type and number of the publication. Types of congressional publications include public laws （P.L. 106-11）, bills （S 87, H.R. 213）, resolutions （S. Res. 14, H. Res. 29）, reports （S. Rept. 106-109, H. Rept. 103）, and documents （S. Doc. 144, H. Doc. 282）.

　　Congressional Record

　　Since 1873 the Congressional Record （often abbreviated as Cong. Rec. in notes） has served as a daily record of congressional activities and debates. Cite the permanent bound version when possible, and identify daily or biweekly editions （which are likely to have different pagination） when citing them.

　　If, as will usually be the case, the body of your paper identifies the speaker and the subject of a speech recorded in the Congressional Record, the note and reference may take this form:

　　Footnote/endnote. You may include a year, year and date, or skip this information altogether, as the volume and page will locate the source.

　　24. Cong. Rec., 106th Cong., 2nd sess. 2000, 146, no. 111:H7826-H7827.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Congressional Record . 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. Vol. 146, no. 111.

　　If speaker or subject are not clear from your use of the material, include this information in the note and reference:

　　Footnote/endnote. The date may be included.

　　24. Representative David Bonior of Michigan speaking on the floor of the House on the Chinese government's jailing of 81-year-old Catholic bishop Zeng Jingmu, 106th Cong., 2d sess., Cong. Rec. （19 Sept. 2000）, 146, no. 111:H7826-H7827.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. House. Representative David Bonior of Michigan speaking on the Chinese government's jailing of 81-year-old Catholic bishop Zeng Jingmu. 106th Cong., 2d sess. Congressional Record （19 Sept. 2000）. Vol. 146, no. 111.

　　Reports and documents

　　Reports and documents of the Senate and the House are numbered and bound in the serial set. The abbreviations Rept. （Report）, Doc. （Document）, S. （Senate） and H. （House of Representatives） are used.

　　Footnote/endnote. The specific page reference is included if appropriate.

　　29. House Committee on the Judiciary, Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000: Report together with Minority Views （to accompany H.R. 3709）, 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000, H. Rept.106-609, 23-24.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Internet Nondiscrimination Act of 2000: Report together with Minority Views （to accompany H.R. 3709）. 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. H. Rept.106-609.

　　Hearings

　　Footnote/endnote. The specific page reference is included if appropriate.

　　32. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and Their Proliferation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 106 Cong., 2nd sess., 2000, 137-142.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. United Nations Peacekeeping Missions and Their Proliferation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations of the Committee on Foreign Relations. 106 Cong., 2nd sess., 2000.

　　Committee prints

　　Footnote/endnote. Include page reference if appropriate.

　　33. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices, report submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on International Relations, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in accordance with section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000, Committee Print 45, 117-118.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices, report submitted to the Committee on Foreign Relations, Committee on Finance of the U.S. Senate and the Committee on International Relations, Committee on Ways and Means of the U.S. House of Representatives by the Department of State in accordance with section 2202 of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. 106th Cong., 2d sess., 2000. Committee Print 45.

　　Bills （and resolutions）

　　Congressional bills are proposed laws. Bills and resolutions are cited in notes but not usually not included in the bibliography. Initially, bills are published as pamphlets.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　47. House, Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 2000, 106th Cong., 2d sess., H.R. 1291.

　　Or, if the title of the bill appears in the text, it may be left out of the note:

　　47. H.R. 1291, 106th Cong., 2d sess.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　As noted, bills and resolutions are not usually included in the bibliography. If you do list one, the bibliographic entry should include the title:

　　U.S. House. Internet Access Charge Prohibition Act of 2000. 106th Cong., 2d sess., H.R. 1291.

　　25. Statutes or laws

　　Statutes are published in several different sources, and the particular source must be specified. Statutes may be included in the bibliography, but they are often cited only in notes. Be consistent.

　　Public laws

　　Statutes are first published separately, being referred to as slip laws or public laws.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include page reference（s） if appropriate.

　　35. Border Smog Reduction Act of 1998, Public Law 286, 105th Cong., 1st sess., （27 October 1998）, 3.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Border Smog Reduction Act of 1998. Public Law 286. 105th Cong., 1st sess., 27 October 1998.

　　Statutes at Large

　　After individual publication, laws are collected in bound volumes entitled United States Statutes at Large.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include specific page reference（s） if appropriate.

　　48. Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, U.S. Statutes at Large 102 （1989）: 4194, 4227.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. U.S. Statutes at Large 102 （1989）: 4181-4545.

　　U.S. Code

　　Eventually laws are incorporated into the United States Code.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include particular section reference（s） if appropriate.

　　57. Lobbying Disclosure Act, U.S. Code, vol. 2, sec. 1602.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Lobbying Disclosure Act. U.S. Code. Vol. 2, secs. 1601-1612.

　　26. Presidential documents

　　These include executive orders, addresses, and public papers, and other documents. These are published in The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents the Federal Register, which is also available in microfiche （and, Nuts and Bolts adds, online）, and in the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　26. William J. Clinton, "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Permanent Normal Trade Relations Status With China," Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 36, no. 4 （31 January 2000）, 133-179.

　　27.William J. Clinton, "Memorandum on Electronic Commerce," Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, vol. 2 （Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998）, pp. 2100-2102.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Clinton, William J. "Letter to Congressional Leaders on Permanent Normal Trade Relations Status With China." Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 36, no. 4 （31 January 2000）, 133-179.

　　_____. "Memorandum on Electronic Commerce." Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1998

　　27. Executive department, administrative agency, and government commission documents

　　Discretion is allowed in how to refer to an issuing body. Census Bureau publications, for instance, need not list the Department of Commerce as a parent organization. In general, familiar agencies or bureaus may be cited as the issuing body; citations of less-familiar ones should include the parent department. Sub-units within agencies often issue documents, and these should be listed in top-down order.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　28. U.S. National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare, Building a Better Medicare for Today and Tomorrow （Washington: GPO, 1999）, 117-122.

　　27. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Division of Voluntary Programs, OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses, rev. ed. （Washington, D.C.: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1990）, 23.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　U.S. National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare. Building a Better Medicare for Today and Tomorrow. Washington: GPO, 1999.

　　U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Division of Voluntary Programs. OSHA Handbook for Small Businesses, rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1990.

　　28. Federal and state court decisions

　　Court decisions are usually not included in the bibliography.

　　Supreme Court

　　Supreme Court decisions are published officially in the United States Supreme Court Reports （abbreviated U.S.）. They are also published in the Supreme Court Reporter （Sup. Ct.）. Citations should preferably be to U.S., though Sup. Ct. may be used if necessary, or both sources may be cited.

　　Footnote/endnote. Include page reference if pertinent.

　　Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200, 115 S.Ct. 2097 （1995）.

　　Federal Court

　　Lower federal court decisions are published officially in the Federal Reporter （abbreviated F.）. If the decision is in a supplement （Supp.） or a series （2d, 3rd, etc.） other than the first, this should be noted. The court and date are identified at the end of the citation.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. United States Army Corps of Engineers, 109 F. Supp. 2d 30 （ D.C. Cir. 2000）.

　　State Court

　　Similar format: the case name, reporter reference, state, and year.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　Foley v. Honeywell, 488 N.W.2d 268 （Minn. 1992）.

　　In general, subsequent citations of court decisions may be shortened to case titles: Adarand Constructor, Inc. v. Pena, 47.

　　29. A magazine article

　　Some periodicals may use different titles for articles on the contents page and at the beginning of the article itself. In such cases, use the title from the contents page.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　21. Evan Thomas and Bill Turque, "Gore: The Precarious Prince," Newsweek, 21 August 2000, 38-41.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Thomas, Evan and Bill Turque. "Gore: The Precarious Prince." Newsweek, 21 August 2000, 38-41.

　　30. An anonymous magazine article

　　Footnote/endnote

　　22. "Preserving Life on Other Planets," The Economist, 29 July 2000, 79.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　"Preserving Life on Other Planets." The Economist, 29 July 2000, 79.

　　31. A newspaper article

　　Footnote/endnote

　　23. Jim Hoagland, "The Concord and the Kursk," Washington Post, 20 August 2000, B7.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Hoagland, Jim. "The Concord and the Kursk." Washington Post, 20 August 2000, B7.

　　32. An unsigned article or editorial

　　Footnote/endnote

　　24. "A Right to Discriminate?" Washington Post, 20 August 2000, B6.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　"A Right to Discriminate?" Washington Post 20 August 2000, B6.

　　33. A pamphlet

　　Treat a pamphlet like a book.

　　34. Multiple citations in one note

　　The Chicago Manual of Style recommends avoiding excessive notes when possible. If a sentence has several cited texts, it is generally wise to gather the citations in one note at the end of the sentence.

　　Footnote/endnote

　　This belief, that modern capitalism rewards firms that develop humanistic structures and cultures, has become the conventional wisdom of management studies, expressed in best-selling works over the past twenty years by scholars like Tom Peters, Robert Waterman, William Ouchi, W. Edwards Deming, Peter Senge, and many others.

　　35. See for instance Thomas J. Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr., In Search of Excellence （New York: Harper & Row, 1982）; William G. Ouchi, Theory Z （Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1981）; W. Edwards Deming, Out of the Crisis （Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1986）; and Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization （New York: Doubleday, 1990）.

　　Likewise, a paragraph containing several short quotations need not give a citation for each of them, especially if they are from the same text. Avoid confusion by matching the number and order of citations to the number and order of quoted passages.

　　Bibliographic entry. Each work, of course, is entered in the bibliography separately.

　　35. A translation

　　Footnote/endnote

　　Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—Ptolemaic and Copernican, trans. Stillman Drake （Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953）, 147-161.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Galilei, Galileo. Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems—Ptolemaic and Copernican. Translated by Stillman Drake. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1953.

　　36. A second or subsequent edition

　　Footnote/endnote. As usual.

　　29. Glynne Wickham, The Medieval Theatre, 3rd ed. （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987）, 222.

　　Bibliographic entry

　　Wickham, Glynne. The Medieval Theatre. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

　　The name of an editor, translator, or compiler （if any） is placed before the edition.

　　37. Indirect source

　　Footnote/endnote. Include as much information as you can about the original source.

　　30. Jakob Burckhardt, quoted in Hanna Fenichel Pitkin, Fortune Is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the Thought of Niccol?Machiavelli （Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984）, 25.

　　31. Alistair Horne, To Lose a Battle （Boston: Little, Brown, 1969）, 56-57. Quoted in William Manchester, The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, vol. 2, Alone: 1932-1940 （Boston: Little, Brown, 1988）, 55.

　　Bibliographic entry. If you use a text only indirectly, don't include it in the bibliography.

　　38. Abbreviations for frequently cited works

　　The Chicago Manual of Style allows in-text parenthetical citations of frequently cited works. This is common, for instance, in extended studies of an author. A note attached to the first citation from the author explains the abbreviations used.

　　The citation in the body of the essay

　　Necessity rather than ethics drives political action, Machiavelli says: "It is necessary for a prince to know well how to use the beast and the man" （P 69）.

　　The note

　　1. Quotations from Machiavelli are cited in the text with the abbreviations listed below, noting text and page reference.

　　P: The Prince, trans. and ed. Harvey C. Mansfield, Jr. （Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985）.

　　D: Discourses on Livy, trans. Harvey C. Mansfield and Nathan Tarcov （Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996）.

　　If ten or more abbreviations are used, these should be gathered together in a list and placed nears the endnotes （or bibliography）. If the list is brief （a half-page or less）, it is placed after the heading "Notes" and before the notes themselves…… If the list is long, it is placed on a page or pages preceding the notes or bibliography, with the heading "Abbreviations" in the same style as the Notes. The list is prefaced with a brief explanation, and arranged in two columns: abbreviations on the left, and full bibliographic references on the right. You may use whatever abbreviations are convenient （usually acronyms or the first letter of a text）.

　　39. Missing bibliographic information

　　Use the following abbreviations for information you can't supply.

　　n.p.

　　n.p.

　　n.d. No place of publication given

　　No publisher given

　　No date of publication given

　　If both place and publisher information is lacking, use just one n.p. Put the abbreviation where the information would customarily go.

　　Kiefer, Frederick. Fortune and Elizabethan Tragedy. N.p.: Huntington Library, 1983.

　　If the missing information is known but not given, it may be included in brackets.

　　Carter, Thomas. Shakespeare and Holy Scripture. New York: AMS Press, [1970].

　　If you're uncertain about the accuracy of the information, use a question mark. If a date is approximate, precede it with c. for circa （"about"）.

　　[Norton, Thomas?]. A Declaration of Favourable Dealing by Her Majesty's Commissioners for the Examination of Certain Traitors. London, c. 1583.

　　Especially for old works （pre-1900）, missing publication information may simply be omitted.