考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记(二十二)

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Being a man has always been dangerous.There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70 year olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight.A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.
  There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.Few people are as fertile as in the past.Except in some religious communities, very few women has 15 children.Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper middle class India compared to the tribes.
  For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.Strangely, it has involved little physical change.No other species fills so many places in nature.But in the past 100,000 years-even the past 100 years-our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.
  55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph
  [A] A lack of mates.
  [B] A fierce competition.
  [C] A lower survival rate.
  [D] A defective gene.
  56. What does the example of India illustrate
  [A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.
  [B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.
  [C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.
  [D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.
  57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.
  [A] life has been improved by technological advance
  [B] the number of female babies has been declining
  [C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution
  [D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing
  58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage
  [A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.
  [B] Ways of Continuing Man's Evolution.
  [C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature.
  [D] Human Evolution Going Nowhere.


  agent11n.代理商(人),代表
  amaze5v.使惊奇,使惊愕,使惊叹
  argue19v.①争论,辩论;②认为,主张,论证;③说服
  author69n.①作者;②创始人
  average17n.平均(数);a.①平均的;②普通的,一般的;v.平均,均分
  balance5v.称,(使)平衡;n.①天平,秤;②平衡,均衡;③差额,结余,余款
  being9n.①生物,人;②存在,生存
  commit8v.①把...交托给,提交;②犯(错误),干(坏事)
  community17n.①同一地区的全体居民,社会,社区;②共同体,团体
  competition16n.①比赛;②竞争
  comprehension3a.理解(力),领悟
  crucial5a.至关重要的,决定性的
  decline14v./n.①下倾,下降,下垂,衰落;②斜面,倾斜;v.拒绝,谢绝
  depend16v.(on)取决于,依靠,信赖,相信
  descendant1n.子孙,后代
  describe14v.描述,形容
  diminish1v.缩小,减少,递减
  disappear4v.不见,消失
  doubt8n./v.怀疑,疑虑
  evolution11n.进化,渐进,演化
  evolve3v.(使)发展,(使)进化
  excess4a.过量的,额外的;n.过量,过剩
  female4a.女的,雌的
  fertile2a.①肥沃的,富饶的;②能生育的
  fierce3a.①凶猛的,残忍的;②激烈的,强烈的
  gene5n.基因
  grand1a.①盛大的,豪华的;②重大的,主要的
  ignorant2a.①无知的,愚昧的;②不知道的
  illustrate6v.①举例说明,阐明;②图解,加插图
  involve20v.①卷入,陷入,连累;②包含,含有,涉及
  lower9a.较低的,下级的,下游的;v.降下,放低
  male4n./a.男性(的),雄性(的)
  mate1n.①伙伴,同事;②配偶
  nature14n.①自然界,大自然;②性质,本性,天性
  offspring4n.①子孙,后代;②结果,产物
  opportunity11n.机会
  organic3a.①器官的;②有机的;③有机体的
  phrase6n.短语,词语,习语
  physical7a.①物质的,有形的;②肉体的,身体的;③自然科学的,物理的
  poverty5n.贫穷,贫困
  rate31n.①比率,率;②等级;③价格,费用;v.①估价;②评级,评价
  ratio2n.比,比率
  religious4a.宗教的,信教的,虔诚的
  savage1a.①野蛮的,未开化的;②凶恶的,残暴的;n.野蛮人
  selection8n.①选择,挑选;②选集,精选物
  species7n.(物)种,种类
  suicide7n.①自杀;②自取灭亡
  survival5n.①幸存,生存;②幸存者,残存物
  survive11v.①幸免于,幸存;②比...长命
  tend26v.①趋向,往往是;②照料,看护
  title6n.①书名,标题;②头衔,称号
  transform5v.①改变,变换;②变压;③转化;④改造
  tribe1n.部落,家族
  universal4a.①普遍的,全体的,通用的;②宇宙的,世界的
  upper1a.①上面的;②上部的,较高的
  variation2n.①变化,变动;②变种,变异
  wealthy2a.富裕的,丰富的
  wholly1ad.完全地,全部,一概
  according47ad.依照,根据
  advance10v.①前进,进展;②推进,促进;③提出(建议等);④提前;n.①前进,进展;②预付,预支
  advantage13n.优势,有利条件
  biological3a.生物学的
  defective2a.有缺陷的;n.有缺陷的人
  evolutionary4a.进化的
  maturity1n.成熟,完备
  mediocrity1n.平常,平凡
  mortality1n.死亡率
  technological9a.科技的
  tribal1a.部落的,种族的

  难句1
  Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.
  [结构分析]
  1. 本句句子主干是:... difference ... and the opportunity ... have diminished;
  2. 主语是用and连接的两个并列的名词短语difference between people 和the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it;
  [本句难点]不要把and理解为连接的是people和the opportunity;
  [方法对策]根据句子意思,明确主句主语是用and连接的两个并列的名词短语;
  [例句精译]人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。
  难句2
  The grand mediocrity of today-everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring-means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper middle class India compared to the tribes.
  [结构分析]
  1.本句主干结构是:The grand mediocrity of today ... means +that引导的宾语从句;
  2. 两个破折号之间的成分可以看作插入语,是对The grand mediocrity of today的进一步说明;
  3. 宾语从句中主干部分为:natural selection has lost 80% of its power,其后是in引导的表示地点的状语,过去分词结构compared to the tribes作状语;
  [本句难点]插入语的影响;宾语从句的影响
  [方法对策]首先找出主句和从句关系,再分别找出主句和从句的主干,最后分析插入语,第一遍阅读可以不看插入语;
  [例句精译]今天(印度大城市里的)这种极其显著的平均化--每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同--意味着与部落相比较,自然选择在印度中、上层(即城市里)已经失去了80%的效力。
  难句3
  Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they "look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension."
  [结构分析]
  1. 本句句子主干是:Darwin had a phrase to ...;
  2. 冒号后面的句子是pharase的同位语,说明phrase的内容,此同位语主干为:they look at an organic being as ...,as ...;
  3. 同位语从句中的they指的是those ignorant of evolution,即对进化论一无所知的人,同位语从句中的his指的是a savage,野人;
  [本句难点]同位语从句的影响;
  [方法对策]分析主句和同位语从句的关系,从而明白此句的意思主要是说对进化论一无所知的人无法理解进化论;beyond one's comprehension:超出了......的理解范围,即无法理解;
  [例句精译]达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化论一无所知的人,他们"看有机的生命如同野人看船一样,好像看某种完全不能理解的东西"。
  55.[答案] C
  [解析]本文谈到由于科学的发展和医学方面的干预,人类的自然淘汰进化过程已基本结束,例如人类的生育率与老年人口死亡平均年龄等都大体上已趋于平均。人类已不像过去那样,完全靠多生、多死,强者生存,弱者灭亡,让自然本身去选择淘汰,如同印度的原始部落今天还在进行的那样,而印度的城市则是今日人类的缩影,在城市里--人们的生育后代数量以及老死年龄大体上已经平均,不分贫富,无论贵贱。
本题问男人过去(used to be)的危险是什么?根据第一段可知应选C。
   56.[答案] B
  [解析]大家仍记否?举例题应到举例前去找答案。"印度的例子说明这一切"。"这一切"指什么呢?当然指上文的"differences between people ...have diminished"。故选B,(在城市的贫、富人之间),自然选择已不起作用。至于其他三个选项,都是我们的主观想像。
  57.[答案] A
  [解析]为什么人类停止了进化?末段告诉我们:不需要了,因为机器已经替我们效力,我们就不用再进化了。
  58.[答案] D
  [解析]这是一道主旨题,应该将文章每段首句串起来考虑,尤其是末段首句:"对我们来说,这意味着时化已经结束。"(over)此句正符合D:"人类进化已到尽头"("go nowhere"表示:"无处可去,无路可走,已到尽头")。

  做男人总是充满危险,出生时男女比例大约是105:100,但到了成熟期,这一比例几乎持平,而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍。但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变,现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。更重要的是,(由于医疗进步男婴死的少了)自然选择的一次机会不复存在了。50年前,婴儿(尤其是男婴)存活的机会取决于体重,过轻或过重几乎意味着必死无疑。今日体重几乎不起什么作用,由于大部分人体体重的差异是由基因引起的,所以又一个进化的因素消失了。
   进化自杀还有另一种方法:存活,但少生孩子。现在没有几个人像过去那样生育后代了。除了在一些宗教社区之外,没有几名妇女有15个孩子。当今人口出生的数量,同人类死亡年龄一样,已趋于平均化;我们多数人的子女数量大致相同。人与人之间的差异和利用差异进行自然选择的机会再一次减少。印度可以说明正在发生的这一切。这个国家(印度)给大城市里的少数人提供财富,而给其余的各部落民族以贫困。今天(印度大城市里的)这种极其显著的平均化--每个人的生存机会和子女数量都相同--意味着与部落相比较,自然选择在印度中、上层(即城市里)已经失去了80%的效力。
   对我们来说,这意味着进化已经结束;生物学上的乌托邦已经降临。奇怪的是,这一过程几乎丝毫没有牵涉到身体上的变化;没有其他物种充斥着自然中如此多的空间。但在过去的10万年--甚至过去的100年中,我们的生活发生了变化,但我们的身体却没变。我们没有进化。因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。达尔文有一句话描述那些对进化论一无所知的人,他们"看有机的生命如同野人看船一样,好像看某种完全不能理解的东西"。毫无疑问,我们将记住20世纪的生活方式,尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解;但是,不管我们的子孙后代对我们离乌托邦的理想境界还差多远感到有多么惊讶,他们的样子同我们差不了多少。
   55.根据文章第一段,身为男性过去面临的危险是什么?
   [A]缺少配偶。
   [B]激烈的竞争。
   [C]存活率较低。
   [D]基因有缺陷。
   56.印度的例子说明什么?
   [A]富人生的子女往往比穷人少。
   [B]自然选择在富人和穷人中几乎不起作用。
   [C]中产阶层的人口比部落人口少百分之八十。
   [D]印度是人口出生率的国家之一。
   57.作者认为:人的身体已经停止进化,因为。
   [A]技术的进步提高了人们的生活水平
   [B]女婴的数量一直在减少
   [C]人类已进化到阶段
   [D]贫富之间的差距正在消失
   58.下面哪项可以作为本文的标题?
   [A]人类进化中性别比例的变化
   [B]延续人类进化的方法
   [C]自然进化的前景
   [D]人类进化已到尽头

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