Name

Name-year （N-Y） style is akin to APA style. The basic format consists of a citation in the body of paper that includes the name of author（s） and year of publication.

　　The in-text citation

　　MSHA does not alter the efficiency of intestinal colonization （Attridge, Manning, Holmgren, Jonson,1996）.

　　The reference

　　Attridge SR, Manning PA, Holmgren J, Jonson G. 1996. Relative significance of mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin and toxin-coregulated pili in colonization of infant mice by Vibrio cholerae El Tor. Infect. Immun. 1996; 64: 3369-3373.

　　Et al. is short for the Latin et alii （"and others"）.

　　A. N-Y Citation details

　　You may find it convenient to mention the author in the text, in which case the year and any other information goes in the parenthetical:

　　Attridge and his colleagues have shown that MSHA does not alter the efficiency of intestinal colonization （1996）.

　　If you are citing a specific page in the source, note that in the citation, not the reference: （Attridge et al., 1996, p 3371）.

　　Multiple references in one citation

　　Arrange citations chronologically from earliest to latest. Within the same year, alphabetize by author. Separate entries by semicolon.

　　（Issleib and Hohlfeld 1961; De Stefano et al., 1974; Leising, 1988; Bateman, 2000）

　　Authors with same last name

　　No problem if the source years differ: （Johnson, 1999; Johnson, 1998）. But if the names and years are the same, give each author's initials, ordering alphabetically: （Perkins S 1999, Perkins SP 1999）. If listing additional authors will clear up the ambiguity, list as many as necessary: （Wilson, Eakins, Pravab et al., 1995; Wilson, Eakins, Searle et al., 1995）.

　　Work by two authors

　　Cite both names: （Issleib and Hohlfeld, 1961）.

　　Work by three or more authors

　　In the first citation list all the names. In subsequent citations, cite the first name followed by et al.

　　First citation

　　（Attridge, Manning, Holmgren, Jonson,1996）

　　Subsequent citations of the same source

　　（Attridge et al., 1996）

　　B. N-Y Reference details

N-Y 1. Book by a single author
N-Y 2. Book or article by multiple authors
N-Y 3. Book with editors
N-Y 4. Translated book
N-Y 5. Book published in a new edition
N-Y 6. Book published in several volumes
N-Y 7. Chapter in an edited book
N-Y 8. Article in an encyclopedia
N-Y 9. Article in a scholarly journal
N-Y 10. Article in a monthly periodical
N-Y 11. Article in a newspaper
N-Y 12. Article without an author
N-Y 13. Letter to the editor
N-Y 14. Editorial
N-Y 15. Personal communicationN-Y 16. Government publication
N-Y 17. DissertationN-Y 18. Abstract

　　N-Y 1. Book by a single author

　　Petitti, DB. 2000. Meta-analysis, decision analysis, and cost-effectiveness analysis: methods for quantitative synthesis in medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 306 p.

　　N-Y 2. Book or article by multiple authors

　　See the examples in N-Y citation details above.

　　N-Y 3. Book with editors

　　LeCroy D, Moller P, editors. 2000. Evolutionary perspectives on human reproductive behavior. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 233 p.

　　N-Y 4. Translated book

　　Cavalli-Sforza LL. 2000. Genes, peoples, and languages. Seielstad M, translator. New York: North Point Press; 227 p. Translation of: Gènes, peuples et langues.

　　N-Y 5. Book published in a new edition

　　Prescott, LM, Harley, JP, Klein, DA. 1996. Microbiology. 3rd ed. Dubuque （IA）: William C Brown Publishers; 935 p.

　　N-Y 6. Book published in several volumes

　　European Commission for Europe [ECE]. 1993. Directory of chemical producers and products. 3 vols. New York: United Nations.

　　N-Y 7. Chapter in an edited book

　　Cook HJ. 1996. Physicians and natural history. In: Jardine N, Spary EC, Secord JA, editors. Cultures of natural history. New York: Cambridge; p 91-105.

　　N-Y 8. Article in an encyclopedia

　　Cowley, JM. 1999. Electron diffraction. Encyclopedia of Applied Physics. Trigg GL, editor. 23 volumes. Weinheim and New York: Wiley-VCH; 5: 405-430.

　　Note the volume and page numbers at the end of the reference.

　　N-Y 9. Article in a scholarly journal

　　Farque SM, Albert MJ, Mekalanos JJ. 1998. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62; 1301-1314.

　　Note the format of year, volume, and pages. Many journal titles in different fields have standard abbreviations: for help study other published works or consult the CBE manual. If the title is not abbreviated, do not put a period after it and before the volume number.

　　N-Y 10. Article in a monthly periodical

　　Raikow, RJ, Bledsoe, AH. 2000 June. Phylogeny and evolution of the passerine birds. BioScience; 50 （6）: 487-499.

　　N-Y 11. Article in a newspaper

　　Chang K. 2000 June 13. Two stars collide: a new star is born. New York Times; Sect F; 1 （col 4）.

　　Note the information on section, page, and column.

　　N-Y 12. Article without an author

　　[Anonymous]. 2000 March 15. U.S., Britain agree to share genetic data. Detroit News; Nation World: 3.

　　N-Y 13. Letter to the editor

　　Genome map reveals presence of intelligent design. To the Editor. Anderson J. 2000 July 1. Kansas City Star; 26.

　　Note that a letter to the editor is cited by title, not author （the author's name appears after the descriptive phrase）.

　　N-Y 14. Editorial

　　What makes us human. Editorial. 2000 July 2. The Gazette （Montreal）; Sect A: 12.

　　N-Y 15. Personal communication

　　Hubley M. 2000 Aug. 10. Citation practices in biology.

　　Caveat: some instructors frown on citing unpublished sources.

　　N-Y 16. Government publication

　　National Institutes of Health （US） [NIH]. 1997 Sept. Proceedings of an NIH workshop on spinal cord injury: emerging concepts. Bethesda （MD）: NIH; Series 97-4201.

　　N-Y 17. Dissertation

　　Hovis RC. 1994. Principles and the development of physical theory: case studies [dissertation]. Ithaca （NY）: Cornell University; 111 p. Available from: University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI.

　　N-Y 18. Abstract

　　7. Chapman, PJ, Harvey J, Walker W. 1997 Sept 19. Microbial ecology research at the Gulf Breeze U.S. EPA Laboratory: Estuarine and marine issues [Abstract]. In: Pensacola Bay system technical symposium, foundations of sustainability: status of Pensacola Bay system water quality meeting program; Pensacola, FL. Washington: Government Printing Office. p 87. Abstract nr R578.