考研英语英译汉十大难点之英译汉中的惯用法(4)

一、英译汉中的从句
　　(1)主语从句　
　　(2)宾语从句　
　　(3)表语从句
　　例：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
　　政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
　　(4)定语从句
　　例：They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory， and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
　　自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自制者所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
　　(5)状语从句
　　例：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.
　　几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
　　(6)同谓语从句
　　例：This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
　　这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
　　二、英译汉中的对称关系
　　(1)结构上对称，例用并列联词，and， or but
　　(2)误意上对称，使用同一类型的词。
　　例：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standards of elegance.
同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
　　The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.
　　例：例如，测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
　　例：During this transfer， traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.
　　在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。