高三英语词汇的归类总复习

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纵观历届高考,从单项选择、完形填空、短文改错、单词拼写乃至阅读理解的考查无一不是对词汇的考查 。到了高三,仅仅英语一科就有厚厚九本书(新版教材),两千多单词,数不清的习语搭配和同义词,加上复 杂的语法、语音,的确使英语复习显得很难而又“漫无边际”。怎样才能花较少的时间取得较大的复习效果呢 ?下面笔者就多年来从事高三教学所得的点滴体会,参照历届高考词汇考查频繁的内容,从语法、习语、辨析 和拼写等四方面将语音、词汇、语法和拼写融为一体,谈谈英语词汇的归类总复习。
一、从用法上复习归纳词汇,过语法关
英语词汇大多具有本身词义外,还有其语法功能,我们在复习时就不要把着眼点单纯放在单词记忆上,而 要从它们的语法功能上去把握它们。如在复习动词时我们就要根据它们变化形式多、搭配活跃等特点,从它们 的用法上进行分类记忆。这样,既可记住词汇,又可攻克语法难关。
1.宾语不同,意义也不同
英语中有些动词可同时后接不定式和动名词作宾语,但意义不同。它们是高考试题的考查重点。这类词主 要有:
go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事)
stop doing sth.(停止正在干的事) stop to do sth.(停下来去干某事)
regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do)
forget/remember doing(忘记/记得已做过的事) forget/rem-ember to do(忘记/记得要干的事)
mean doing(意味着干…) mean to do(想干…)
try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)
(95高考)"You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.""Well,now I regret_____ ___that."
A.to do B.to be doing
C.to have done D.having done
(92高考)"I usually go there by train.""Why not____________by boat for a change?"
A.to try going B.trying to go
C.to try and go D.try going
2.都可接宾语和宾补,形式却不同
某些动词如forbid,advise,allow,permit,admit,consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词,但接宾补时 ,宾补要用不定式。如:
We forbid smoking here.(宾语)
We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补)
You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补)
(87高考)They would not allow him_________across the ene-my line.
A.to risk going B.risking going
C.for risk to go D.risk going
3.宾语不同、语态不同,意义却相同
有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式),可接动名词(要用主动形式表被 动意义),可与worth,worthy一并记忆。两种形式意义相同。如:
The room requires to be cleaned/cleaning.
(85高考)This sentence needs______________.
A.an improvement B.improve
C.improving D.improved
4.只接不定式作宾语的词和词组
只接不定式作宾语的词和词组有:decide,expect,refuse,wish,hope,order,promise,pretend,offer,hap pen,seem,make up one's mind,used,be about,be able,have等。如:
(89高考)She pretended____________me when I passed by.
A.not to see B.not seeing
C.to not see D.having not seen
5.只接动名词作宾语的词和词组
只接动名词作宾语的词和词组:mind,risk,avoid,enjoy,excape,keep,suggest,appreciate,practise,de lay,finish,feel like,look forward to,can't help,keep(on),miss,be used to,excuse,be worth,imagine ,put off,give up等。如:
(92高考)I would appreciate_________back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call
C.your calling D.you are calling
(87高考)The squirrel was lucky that it just missed______.
A.catching B.to be caught
C.being caught D.to catch
6.半系动词
半系动词后可用名词、不定式、分词和形容词等作表语,这类词有:
表感观的系动词:look,sound,taste,smell,feel(这些词用形容词作表语),seem,appear
表变化的系动词:become,get,turn,grow,make,come,go,fall,run
表依旧的系动词:remain,keep,stay,continue,stand,rest,lie,hold
可带名词作表语的系动词:be,become,make,look,sound,fall,prove,remain,turn(该词后接的单数名词 前多不用冠词。如:He turned teacher.)
(91高考)These oranges taste____________.
A.good B.well
C.to be good D.to be well
7.含“被动”意味的动词
有些动词,如sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull, clean,add,cook,let(出租)等,它们的主语是事物,且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态,与行为方式状语连 用时,要用主动形式表被动意义:
My pen writes smoothly.我的笔好写。
Oil burns easily.油易燃烧。
(88高考)That suit_________over 60 dollars.
A.had costed B.costed
C.is cost D.cost
(97高考)"Is this raincoat yours?""No,mine____________th-ere behind the door."
A.is hanging B.has hung
C.hangs D.hung
8.具有两种形式的易混动词
中学英语教材中有些不规则动词有两种过去式或两种过去分词形式,使用或考测时极易弄混。如:
hang,hanged,hanged(绞死)
hang,hung,hung(挂起)
light,lit,lit(点燃,作谓语)
light,lighted,lighted(过去分词作形容词用时,意谓“燃烧着的”,作定语)
drink,drank,drunk/drunken(喝,饮;过去分词作形容词同时,意谓“醉的”,drunk多作表语,drunke n多作定语)
sink,sank,sunk/sunken(下沉;过去分词sunken作形容词用时,作定语)
bear,bore,born(出生)
bear,bore,borne(结果;生育)
lie(撒谎),lied,lied,lying
lie(躺,卧,位于),lay,lain,lying
(89高考)Do you know the boy___________under the big tree?
A.lay B.lain
C.laying D.lying
The woman,who was born in 1940,has borne five children.
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