2008年职称英语培训班内部笔记(三)

第四讲 怎样做选择填空题
　　一、题型介绍
　　选择填空又称综合填空或完形测试，它是目前较为浒的一种英语测试题型之一。
　　在我国其它的大规模英语考试中是一项必试项目。
　　选择填空或完形测试的理论依据是完形心理学。这种理论的观点认为:人们在观察物体形状时，往往下意识地把不连贯的、窑的部分给补上，然后把它看成一个完整的形状。把这种理论应用到语言测试上，便出现了完形测试。这种试题设计程序为:命脉题人员首先选取一篇短文，然后每隔一定数目的单词(一般为5-11个)有规律地去掉一个词，最后，让考生填出去掉的那些词，来测试他们的语言应用能力。
　　最初的这种完形测试方法是按固定比例来删词，后来又产生了几种新的变体。一种是删掉的词仅限于某一类语言现象，如动词、名词、介词等。这样原来隔固定词数删词的标准仅做参考;另一种是把综合填充和多项选择结合起来，试题设计者为每个空白处提供3-5个选择先项，让考生从中挑选出正确的答案。这样既可达到所希望的测试目的，又可保证评分的客观性。这种测试形式是目前国内采用的最普遍的完形测试方式。英语等级考试c级试卷中采用的就是这种题型。
　　选择填空的题目设计并非拿一篇短文来随便地去掉几个词。设计者遵循一定要求和准则，以保证测试的效度和信度。首先，选文的头一、两句应是完整的，不去掉任何词，以帮助考生进入语境。其次，原文的长度一般在300词左右，太长或太短都不合适。为了达到测试目的，可以灵活掌握隔多少个单词删去一个词，但是总体上要遵循每隔一定数目的单词去掉一个词这种原则。
　　二、选择填空的测试点
　　根据等级考试大纲，选择填空通常用由一篇300词左右的短文组成。短文中留有20个空格，每个空格为一题。我们还注意到，职称英语等级考试中删词的间隙较一般考试要大一些。这样，题目就相对容易了一些。这是因为破坏的信息量少了，所以恢复起来也就相对而言容易一些。通过对样题的分析，我们发现，补删的词几乎涉及到所有词类，如动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词、短语等等。
　　三、选择填空的解题方法
　　表面上来年，选择填空就是要求考生把每个句子中删掉的词给恢复出来。实际上，选择填空不仅仅测试应试者在句子水平上运用语言的能力，它还测试应试者在语篇水平上综合运用语言的能力。因为，选择填空中的填空是与文章的上下文有紧密联系的，不是孤立的、不相关的。因此，要做好选择填空题，必须首先通读整篇文章，开清文章的大意和逻辑关系，根据空格所在句子的结构、语法、语篇等信息，通过逻辑揄、对比等手段最后确定答案。尤其是运用语法知识、搭配和语篇知识来确定答案。
　　请看这篇短文，文中有20处空白，每个空白处有4个选项。请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个答案。 television is the greatest communiction medium ever designed and operated by man. it sends into the human brain an -------- (36) amount of opinions and information and -------(37) moral and artistic standards for all of us. every minute of a television programme teaches us something. it is never a neutral (中立的)------- (38). for example, how and when public issues ar -------(40) how they are treated by the television networks in entertainment --------(41) news and public affairs programmes.
　　 what the american people think about governemnt and politics in -------(42), ad wwell as a favorite candidate in ------ (43), is largely influenced by ------- (44).
　　 unfortuNATely commercial television seldom ------- (45) anything of value to our lives. many americans express a deep hostility (故意)--------(46) television BECause they know most tv programmes are ------- (47) poor quality and that sometimes these programmes are ever ------- (48).
　　 the question is : how can television be improved? there are many thins are ordinary ------- (49) can do. for example, he ----- (50) complain to his local tv stations about offensive aDVertising. he can ----- (51) citiaens groups to urge local tv stations to ----- (52) their programmes ----- (53), these groups should propose regular analysies of specific tv commercials and programmes by educators, doctors, etc. to ----- (54) the influence of these programmes on children and adults. television can be our most exciting medium if we just think about ----- (55) to improve it.
　　 36. a endless g ending c ended d end
　　 37. a finds b absorbs c sets d mends
　　 38. a consequence b influence c result d purpose
　　 39. a talked b handled c watched d noticed
　　 40. a over b in c above d on
　　 41. a as well as b also c but d together
　　 42. a all b short c general d name
　　 43. a particular b special c instance d individual
　　 44. a entertainment b news c programmes d television
　　 45. a damages b contributes c hands d takes
　　 46. a toward b in c on d over
　　 47. a with b in c of d among
　　 48. a serious b harmful c attractive d long
　　 49. a reader b participant c listener d viewer
　　 50. a can b does c should dought to
　　 51. a can b does c should d ought to
　　 52. a call b gather c organize d make
　　 53. a as a result b as a matter of fact c in contract din addition
　　 54. a determine b refuse c involve d receive
　　 55. a tracks b roads c easy d programmes