大学英语四级考试阅读30天学习笔记(8)

Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
　　注：1.interact 交往，相互影响
　　2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的
　　3.本段是多余段落，例证第一种 classical conditioning
　　4.mean a. 卑鄙的
　　11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
　　A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
　　B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
　　C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
　　D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
　　注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句
　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.
　　12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
　　A) classical conditioning
　　B) operant conditioning
　　C) neither of them
　　D) some other sorts of conditioning
　　注：应用题
　　13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
　　through ____.
　　A) classical conditioning
　　B) operant conditioning
　　C) both of them
　　D) neither of them
　　注：应用题， furry 有毛的
　　14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
　　A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
　　B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
　　C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
　　D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
　　注：主题题，末端首句也是结论句
　　Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
　　15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
　　A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelings
　　B) the third kind of learning
　　C) further examples of learning through operant conditioning
　　D) none of the above
　　注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第四段应该讲operant conditioning。
　　●考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性
　　Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
　　26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
　　A) are directly related to pleasure
　　B) will meet their physical needs
　　C) will bring them a feeling of success
　　D) will satisfy their curiosity
　　27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
　　A) would make learned responses when it saw the milk
　　B) would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
　　C) would continue the simple movements without being given milk
　　D) would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
　　28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
　　A) have the lights turned on
　　B) be rewarded with milk
　　C) please their parents
　　D) be praised
　　29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
　　A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"
　　B) the sight of the lights was interesting
　　C) they need not turn back to watch the lights
　　D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
　　30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
　　A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
　　B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
　　C) their strong desire to solve complex problems
　　D) a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills