索玉柱07英汉翻译八大操作策略之另起炉灶
另起炉灶指的不是个别的,或局部的调整,而是对英语句子作“伤筋动骨”的结构手术,即大幅度地打乱英语原句的词序或句序和各种成分的排列,几乎拆散原句,再对其重新组装。
该操作有三种境况:
(1)“拆卸拼装”策略。只句子的部分重新组装;有时候,一些词语要进行“意译”或“转译”。
He always lives ahead of his salary.
*他总是生活在他工资之前。
他的生活开销总是超过他的工资收入。
*I would suggest,however,that it should be limited to a definite period of time,let''s say two years,so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.
结构分析:句子的框架是I would suggest,that it should be limited to…,so as to avoid。attitude which refuses…。that引导宾语从句,作suggest的宾语。Let''s say two years作插入语,这个从句包含一个由so as to引导的目的状语。关系代词which引导定语从句,修饰attitude.it在此指代“subsistence”,意为“生活维持费”。来源:www.examda.com
参考译文:然而,我想建议,这种生活维持费必须限制在一定的期限内,比如说两年,以避免鼓励一种反常的态度,即不肯承担任何社会义务。
*However,the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer.
结构分析:句子的框架是…the suspicions against。are not groundless from。those who want to use…这个句子的主语比较长,介词短语against a system of。作定语修饰the suspicions.关系代词who引导定语从句,修饰those.groundless在此句中译为“无根据的”。
参考译文:然而,有些人想利用资本所有权来迫使其他人接受他们提供的条件。从这些人的立场来看,对最低生活保障制度持怀疑态度不是没有道理的。
(2)“游移词句策略”。整个英语句子不分前后部分,完全打乱后进行翻译。其中发挥汉语的表达优势,例如汉语的状语常常在句首,所以可以把状语从原文中游移出来,另外译成一句话。注意:原文中的and可灵活译成汉语的词组:“不但…而且…”。
The company''s top executives all are refugees from the country''s bureaucratic and underfinanced state research sector.
该公司的高层管理人员都来自该国的国家研究机构,这些机构不仅充满官僚主义主义气息,而且研究经费不足,他们很难在那里呆下去。
Food manufacturers are flooding the UK market with new products // in response to rising demand // from a population hungry forsomething different.
显然,此句在逻辑上可以分解为4组意群:
1)(there is)a population hungry for [形容词短语作population的定语。]
2) the demand is rising
3) in response to this demand
4) food manufacturers are flooding…with…
英国人极想“尝鲜/新”,要求与日俱增。针对这种情况,食品生产商正一个劲儿地向英国市场大量投放各种新产品。
*The opinions,which were current a hundred years ago,that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance,lack of responsibility,are outdated.
结构分析:句子的框架是The opinions,which were current…,that the poor owed。to,are outdated.关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰主语the opinions.关系代词that引导同位语从句,作the opinions的同位语。谓语是are outdated.current在此句中泽为“流行的”。owe…to译为“把……归因于”。
参考译文:100年前流行的看法认为,穷人应该把他们的状况归因于他们无知、缺乏责任心;但这种观点现在已经过时了。
*I believe we must restore our sense of wonder at the capacity to conjure up by forms,lines,shades or colors those mysterious phantoms of visual reality we callpictures.
结构分析:句子的框架是“主语+谓语+宾从”。Conjure up的宾语是those mysterious phantoms of visual reality,后跟定语从句we call “pictures”。by…shades or colors是方式状语;conjure up原意是“使想起,回忆”,这里作“呈现”较好。
参考译文:我认为,我们必须恢复对这种能力的惊奇感,这种能力能使我们借助于形式、线条、阴影或色彩来呈现那些我们称之为“图画”的反映视觉现实的神秘幻景。
*The way the language of art refers to the visible world is both so obvious and so mysterious that it is still largely unknown except to artists,who use it as we use all language-without needing to know its grammar and semantics.
结构分析:本句主干是the way is so…that…句型;the way后跟定语从句,artists后跟一定语从句,从句后又跟了一个比较方式状语从句;refer to原意为“提到;参考”,这里翻译为“表达,描述”较恰当。
参考译文:美术语言表达可见世界的方式是多么显而易见,又是多么神秘莫测,因而,除了美术家外,对大多数人来说,多半还处于未知领域。美术家使用美术语言,正如我们使用一切语言一样,并不需要懂得语言的语法知识和语义学知识。
(3)得“意”忘“形”策略(或称“取意丢形”)。这种做法指的是:宏观上可以不顾原句结构,同时想办法将原句的意思“转译”出来,但这也并不排除句中的某些结构或词句位置需要保持不变。
He acts a lot older // than his years.
*他的行为要比他的年岁老得多。
他年纪轻轻,做事却相当老练。
The minimal cost for taking taxi // far outweighs the inconvenience // of being immobile in this vast urban area.
城区广大,交通不便,无法走动,所以出这么点钱坐出租车还是非常划得来的(上算的)。
Production capacity is grossly underused with many idle workers and machines obvious to any visitor to the state factory.
生产能力根本没有充分利用。到这家国营工厂参观,进入眼帘的是机器设备闲置,许多工人无济于事。
[注释:①with结构作状语的翻译;②注意一句话中,同一个形容词“idle”的两种译法:“闲置”和“无济于事”。
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