致切斯特菲尔德大人函

致切斯特菲尔德大人函,第1张

致切斯特菲尔德大人函,第2张

致切斯特菲尔德大人函》是约翰逊于1755年2月7日写给切斯特菲尔德伯爵菲力浦·多墨·斯坦厚甫(Philip Dormer Stanhope) 的一封信。切斯特菲尔德伯爵开始对约翰逊编辞典一事冷眼相看。约翰逊艰辛奋斗7年,终于独立完成辞典编写,出版在即。这时,切斯特菲尔德伯爵在当时的《世界报》上连写两篇文章,对约翰逊的辞典大加吹捧,希望约翰逊将来能把英国的第一部英语辞典献给他。约翰逊得知此事后,义愤填膺,挥笔写下了这篇名传千秋的信函。信中数落了伯爵对他的冷淡,嘲讽了伯爵的傲慢与专横,对比了约翰逊自己对伯爵的热情与诚恳,从而宣布了约翰逊的辞典与伯爵无关,是他独立完成的,对伯爵无恩可感,无情可载。约翰逊的信是一个穷作家对大人物的控诉状,表现了作家对权贵的蔑视,有着我国诗人李白一样的“安能摧眉折腰事权贵”的反叛精神。在实质上,约翰逊的这种精神代表了英国新兴的资产阶级对封建权势的反抗。人们将约翰逊的这封信比做是“作家的独立宣言”。事实上,此后,英国文坛上的保护人制度(Patronage)在英国,在欧洲大陆逐渐消失了。

  约翰逊的信不仅思想性深刻,而且文笔优美、语句典雅,不长的信中,三联排比的结构被两次运用。文中的反语、讽刺、幽默含义加强了语句的感染力,而且约翰逊所用的比喻含有高深的典故性和哲理性。为了表达自己对伯爵“一往情深”的仰慕,约翰逊引用了古罗马诗人维吉尔诗中的牧童“发现爱神只不过是荒山野岭中的野蛮人”的故事,用以喻指伯爵的铁石心肠,是不通情理的人。

  这封信中的句子结构上,约翰逊还显示了他高超的安排技巧,信正文的最后一段是一个句子,在末尾的一个定语从句中,作者把书信中的客套结尾语和签名巧妙地变成了这个句子的组成部分。

  Letter to Lord Chesterfield

  February 7th ,1755

  MY LORD,

  I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of the Word, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the publick were written by your Lordship. To be so distinguished, is an honour, which being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.

  When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your Lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of you address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur di la terre. That I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it . When I had once addressed your Lordship in publick I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so litter.

  Seven years, my Lord, have now past, since I waited in your oout ward rooms, or was repulsed from your door, through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a Patron before.

  The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.

  Is not a Patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life on the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labors, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary, and cannot impart it ; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity, not confess obligations where no benefit has been receied or to be unwilling that the Publick should consider me as owing that to a Patron, which Provi-dence has enabled me to do for myself.

  Having carride on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I shoud conclude it, less be possible, with less, for I have been ling wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, my Lord.

  Your Lordship's most humble,

  Most obedient servant,

  Sam.Johnson.

  致切斯特菲尔德伯爵函

  伯爵大人:

  新近从《世界报》业主处获悉,有两篇文章是大人阁下所写,此两文把我的辞典介绍给了公众。如此出众,实是一种荣耀。因为对来自大人物的恩惠很不习惯,我真不知道如何承受这种荣耀,或以何种方式来感激。

  当初,受到些许的鼓励,我首次去拜访大人时,像其他人一样,我被您谈吐的魅力所倾倒,不禁希望我可以吹嘘我自己是“世界征服者的征服者 ”。我的自尊与羞怯都不让我继续这种拜访。当我曾在公众面前对您致意时,我是尽我一个与事无征、不善阿谀奉承的学者所能具有的所有方式让人愉快。我已经做了我所能做到的一切,而他的一切努力被忽视了。哪怕是一点点的忽视,也是没有人会感到高兴的。

  伯爵大人,自从我在您的外厅等候,或者说,被拒之于您的门外,已过去7年了。这7年中我含辛茹苦地进行着我的工作。现在去抱怨这些已无用了。最终,我的辞典出版在即,没有一个援助之举动,没有一句鼓励之话语,没有一丝赞许之微笑。这样的待遇我未曾盼望过,因为我以前从未有过保护人。

  维吉尔笔下的牧童终认识了爱神,发现他不过是个荒山野岭中的野蛮人。

  伯爵大人,这样的人不应算是一个保护者吧?他看着一个人在水中争扎求生而无动于衷,可是,当那人上岸后却以援助碍事,承蒙您关注到我的劳作。如果这种关注来得早一点,那会是善意的;但它耽延了,直到我已淡漠无兴,不能消受了,直到我孤独一身,不能分享了,直到我功成名就,不需要它了。我没有接受恩惠,就不承情。上苍使我独自完成事业,我不愿公众认为我应感激一个保护人,我希望这不是客薄寡情吧!

  既已在无保护人之援的情况下把我的工作进行到这一步,我不会感到失望的,虽然我要最后完结我的工作,如果无任何可能的援助,那就在无援的情况下去完结它吧,因为我早已从那种希望之梦中清醒。伯爵大人,我曾极其兴奋地自夸我自己是

  您最恭谦最忠顺的仆人,

  萨姆·约翰逊

  1775年2月7日

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