考研英语三层递进攻克阅读理解97年试题(三)

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　　Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts. They don’t realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
　　We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances （drugs）is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

　　Drugs （substances）that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behavior are known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic （from the Greek word meaning “mindmanifesting”）because they seemed to radically alter one’s state of consciousness.

59. “Substance abuse” （Line 5, Paragraph 1）is preferable to “drug abuse” in that .

［A］ substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used

［B］ “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number of drug takers

［C］ alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine

［D］ many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous

60. The word “pervasive” （Line 1, Paragraph 2）might mean .

［A］ widespread［B］ overwhelming［C］ piercing［D］ fashionable

61. Physical dependence on certain substances results from .

　［A］ uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time

［B］ exclusive use of them for social purposes

［C］ quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases

［D］ careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms

62. From the last paragraph we can infer that .

　［A］ stimulants function positively on the mind

［B］ hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health

［C］ depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances

［D］ the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups

核心词汇：

acceptable［Ek5septEbl］a.可接受的, 合意的

addict［E5dikt］v.使沉溺；使上瘾n.沉溺于不良嗜好的人（ad一再+dict说→说了还说→沉溺）

alcohol［5AlkEhCl］n.酒精，乙醇；含酒精的饮料

cocaine［kE5kein］n.可卡因，古柯碱（用作局部麻醉剂）

consciousness［5kCnFEsnis］n. 自觉，觉悟

depressant［di5presEnt］n.抑制剂；镇静剂(depress+ant表示物)

distort［dis5tC:t］v.弄歪（嘴脸等）;扭曲;歪曲（真理、事实等）（dis坏+tort→扭坏了→曲解）

distortion［dis5tC:FEn］n.歪曲,扭曲；曲解,即dis+tort+ion，dis“分离”，tort词根“扭曲”，ion名词后缀，“使扭曲以离开原来状态”→曲解；动词为distort←dis+tort。同根词：torture（v.n.拷问；折磨）←tort+ure后缀，“使身体扭曲的一种行为”。

manifest［5mAnifest］v.表明,证明,显示a.明白的,明了的（mani+fest打击→用手打出→不隐藏→表明）

negative［5negEtiv］a.否定的，消极的(neg否定前缀+ative形容词后缀)

neutral［5nju:trEl］a.中立的;中性的,中和的

overwhelming［EuvE5hwelmiN］a.势不可挡的,压倒的（over+whelm+ing）

pervasive［pE5veisiv］a.普及的，渗透的（per+vas+ive形容词后缀）是pervade（v.遍及）的形容词形式，pervade即per+vade，per（=through），vade词根“走”（约等于wade，因v与w形近可替换），“到处都走遍的”→遍及的。同根词：invade→in+vade→“未经允许走进来”→入侵；形容词形式为invasive（侵略的）

poisoning［5pCizniN］n.中毒；毒害(poison+ing)，poison（v.n.毒害n.毒药），ing后缀；poisonous （有毒的）←poison+ous形容词后缀

psychedelic［9saiki5delik］a.致幻的；致幻剂（psyche+del+ic），psyche=psycho精神（e与o都可视为连接字母），del即DOC命令“删除”，ic后缀，“能把精神删除的”→致幻的→致幻剂

quantitative［5kwCntitEtiv］a.数量的,定量的（quantit（y）数量+ative形容词后缀）

sociable［5sEuFEbEl］a.好交际的; 友好的; 合群的;社交的（soc社会+iable形容词后缀→爱社交的）

stimulant［5stimjulEnt］n.兴奋剂,刺激物；兴奋剂←stimul刺激+ant物；源自stimulate（刺激；激励）←stimul+ate动词后缀

stimulate［5stimjuleit］v.刺激,使兴奋;激励,鼓舞（stimul+ate动词后缀→刺激）

substance［5sQbstEns］n.物体;物质；实质；本质;本旨；主旨；.内容（sub下面+st站，立+ance名词后缀→站在下面的东西→具体物质）

symptom［5simptEm］n.（疾病的）症状；（不好事情的）征兆,表征,（症状）可看作sym+ptom，sym共同，ptom谐音“怕疼”，共同（sym）的症状（symptom）是怕疼（ptom）。

tolerance［5tClErEns］n.宽容；容忍,忍受；耐药力；公差（toler+ance名词后缀）