08职称英语真题核心语法

被动语态

　　提起英语被动语态结构， 大家可能会想到英语中的相应结构“be + ved（be + 动词的过去分词）”。如果这个语法结构在英语句子中充当句子谓语， 则这个结构用于表示句子主语与句子谓语动词之间是一种被动的关系， 即句子的主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者。这个语法结构可对应地翻译成中文中的“被/由/受到/遭到 + 动词 ”， 如：

　　有上述例子可以看出中英文在被动语态的构成形式上有很大的不同：

　　中文被动语态构成：被/由/受到/遭到等表示被动含义的词 + 动词

　　英语被动语态构成：be（会出现形态的变化） + ved（动词的过去分词）

　　中英文被动语态的使用情况也存在较大的不同：英语中被动语态使用频繁，而中文中被动语态使用较少， 而主动语态使用较多。 被动语态强调动作与动作承受者（主语）之间的相互关系，突出话语的客观性， 因此在科技英语中使用频繁，在历年职称英语各个类别的考题中被动语态也出现频率极高， 而且还常常作为直接考点出现在职称英语试题的各种考题中， 因此是职称英语的核心语法之一。

　　（2008年综合类B/A级级概括大意与完成句子考题）

A New Citizenship Test

　　1 Last week, a sample of the new US citizenship（公民身份）exam was released by the US Citizenship and immigration Services（US-CIS）. It will be tried out in 10 cities early next year to replace the current test in 2008. Instead of asking how many stripes the US flag has, as the current test does, the new one asks why there are 13 stripes. Instead of having to name the branches of government, an applicant is asked to explain why there are three.

　　2 “The goal is to make it more meaningful,” explains Emilio Gonzalez, director of the US-CIS. Immigrants who pass it are expected to have a better “understanding and respect” for US civic（公民的）values, Gonzales says.

　　3 The US isn't the only country dealing with citizenship tests that aim to get a “shared commitment” from immigrants for their adopted country's “values”. In recent years, in addition to the usual requirement of language/work skills and economic status, several European countries have adopted citizenship tests. Britain introduced a new citizenship test last November. In March, a new Dutch law took effect requiring all would-be immigrants to take a citizenship test. It involved watching a video showing nude（*）women bathing at beaches and gay（同性恋的）men kissing in public. The aim was to ensure that “newcomers will be comfortable with the country's liberal social mores（风俗）”.

　　4 Europe has been known for welcoming immigrants for decades. But, today, the fact is that some immigrants are kept apart from local citizens by culture and they become hostile to each other. Promoting integration has become a major concern for European countries, after the rioting in Muslim Ghettoes（少数民族聚居区）in France and the killing of Dutch public figures by religious extremists.

　　5 Officials believe that a person's attachment to a country can be tested by his or her knowledge of the country. However, some critics say that the changes can do little to help people assimilate（同化） themselves. “Immigration is a culture war today. Is giving a new test the right way to lessen the accusations in that fight?” says Ali Noorani, of the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition（难民辩护联盟）.

　　提示：

　　被动语态中常由介词by引出动作的执行者，被动语态后出现的介词by通常理解为“被，受到， 遭到”等。

　　有时为了译文的通顺， 可能会遵循中文表达的习惯，把英文原文中的被动语态结构直接翻译成中文中的主动语态结构。
　　英语被动语态结构后常跟出介词短语结构或不定式结构。
　　该句在翻译时， 为了表达清晰， 翻译出了动名词结构（having to）的逻辑主语– an applicant.
　　非谓语动词结构也是职称英语的核心语法， 考生在语法复习中需要掌握。
　　译文：欧洲数十年来一直因为对外来移民持一种欢迎的态度而出名。
　　by his or her knowledge of the country.
　　译文：政府官员们相信一个人是否喜欢一个国家可以凭借他或她对这个国家的知识了解有多少而被测试出来。

　　
　该句中的介词by引出的是“测试的手段”， 因此翻译为“凭借”。