In

A typical APA citation is simple: an author, a year, and a page reference if a specific passage is being cited: （Geertz, 1980, p. 99）. In-text citations are often referred to as parenthetical citations, but this term can be misleading because some citations don't require a parenthetical element. There are several ways to present the information required in the in-text citation:

　　Some have argued that prosperity depends on the degree of trust within a society （Fukuyama, 1996）.

　　Fukuyama （1996） argues that the level of prosperity in a society depends on the level of trust.

　　In his 1996 book, Fukuyama argues that trust is essential to the development of prosperous societies.

　　Usually in-text citations comprise two elements: a signal phrase or pointer in the body of the paper, and a parenthetical:

　　The signal phrase and parenthetical should divide up, not duplicate, the citation data:

WRONG
RIGHT

Geertz observes that in 19-century Bali the ruler's palace became a temple (Geertz, 1980, p. 109).
Geertz observes that in 19-century Bali the ruler's palace became a temple (1980, p. 109).

　　But it's okay to repeat information if additional material between the signal phrase and the parenthetical might make for ambiguity:

　　Geertz, drawing on Helms's estimate of 50,000 spectators at an 1847 royal ceremony, notes that fully five percent of Bali's population might have been in attendance （Geertz, 1980, p. 109）.

　　You'll find more detailed advice on using signal phrases to introduce quotations in the earlier section on Effective quoting. See also the examples below for lots of help with citing different kinds of sources.