2009年考研英语主观题40分攻略(7)

2009年考研英语主观题40分攻略(7),第1张

2009年考研英语主观题40分攻略(7),第2张

第三章 英译汉的基础知识
  第二节 英译汉句法对比(下)

  二、英译汉的句式结构转换
  4.英语倒装句的汉译长句的翻译中经常还涉及英语倒装句结构的汉译问题,我们在此只是做简单的介绍。倒装结构主要出于上下文或语气上的需要,以使说话或文章重心突出有力。而在汉语中,很少使用倒装结构,这主要是因为汉语本身所固有的特点决定的,所以翻译时,翻译成正常结构就可以了,只是在必要时增加某些强调词,如“正是,就是,恰恰是”等。
  在考研英语的英译汉试题中,倒装结构主要有:①虚拟条件句中的倒装;②“only+状语”结构位于句首的倒装;③具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首时的倒装;④as/thought引导的让步状语从句的倒装;⑤so/neither引导的倒装句;⑥修辞倒装等。
  下面举几个这方面的例子:「例1」Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.(1998年考研试题)(画线部分为语法倒装)
  译文:宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。
  「例2」Animals fight,so do savages,hence to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good,but it is not to be civilized.(画线部分为语法倒装)
  译文:动物彼此相斗,原始时代未开化的人也是这样,因此善于争斗就是善于做动物或者原始时代人所善于做的事情,但这不是文明或开化的表现。
  「例3」Central to the communicative approach is the perception that language is not just a system of rules,but“a dynamic source for creation of meaning”。(本题是修辞倒装的一个典型例子)
  译文:语言不仅仅是一整套规则,而且是“创作意义的极有潜力的源泉”,这一概念是交际法的中心内容。
  「例4」Only rarely does a coherent picture emerge;in a sense coherence must be imposed on events by the decision maker,who seizes the challenge and turns it into opportunity by assessing correctly both the circumstances and his margin for creative action.(画线部分为语法倒装)
  译文:决策人要能对自己采取独到的行动的情势作出正确的估量,对自己采取这种行动的回旋余地作出正确的估计,而后才能抓住时机,将危机转化为良机。这时才有可能出现事态的顺利发展。有条不紊的景象自行出现的情况是十分罕见。
  「例5」As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it disappears the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.(画线部分为修辞倒装)
  译文:由于许多家庭离开旧地,离开了多年好友和各种家属关系,日常信息的随意交流中断了。对于信息的及时性、确切性和可靠性的信心也随之丧失。
  5.英语被动结构的汉译英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技文体和说明文体中,被动语态几乎随处可见。英汉对比,英语的被动句显然多于汉语。在很多情况下,汉语在主谓之间的关系上并不十分重视,而一律用主动式。这是因为汉语动词不具备英语动词那样的形态变化,因而主要依赖于词汇手段以及句式来表示被动语态,而且在很多情况下主谓之间的被动关系是隐含的。对于英语被动句的翻译,我们经常采用以下方法:(1)被动隐含法。这种方法是指将被动语态译为主动语态时,被动形式隐含,即原文中的主语在译文中做主语,有时我们需要添加诸如“加以、予以、给以、经过、用……来、由……所、靠……来”等词来体现原文的被动含义。例如:「例1」This ability to speak was of great value because it allowed men to share ideas,and to plan to gether,so that tasks impossible for a single person could be successfully undertaken by intelligent teamwork.译文:这种说话能力具有非常重要的意义,因为它能使人们交流思想,一起商量问题。这样,单个人不胜任的任务可以靠集体智慧来顺利完成。
  「例2」In other words,mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging,boring holes,artificial explosions,or similar operations which make them available to us.译文:换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
  「例3」They consider the increase in various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment——atmospheric pollution,increased nervous stress,chemical substances in processed food,or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals.译文:他们认为各种癌症的增多也许可以说是由于人类复杂环境中另外一些因素所引起的,像大气污染、神经紧张加剧、经过加工的食品中的化学物质,或者农民大量用来杀死昆虫和小动物的化学杀虫剂等等。
  「例4」Those who support the“nature”side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(1990年考研试题)
  译文:在这场争论中,赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的。

  「例5」I would suggest,however,that this minimum of subsistence should be limited to a definite period of time,lets say two years,so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation.译文:然而,我想建议,这种生活维持费必须限制在一定的期限内,譬如说两年,以避免鼓励一种反常的态度,即不肯承担任何社会义务。
  (2)主语转换法。这种转换方式有以下几种:1)英文中的主语转换成汉语译文中的宾语,英文中介词by后的宾语转换成汉语译文中的主语。
  「例1」By the end of 1994,more than 9600 patients had been cured of leukaemia by Dr. Black Smith,a famous medical doctor.译文:到1994年底,医生布莱克。史密斯大夫已为9600人治好了白血病。
  「例2」Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat,and is believed to be related to cancer of the oral cavity.译文:大多数研究人员都相信,吸烟是导致肺癌、喉癌的重要因素,还认为口腔癌也与此有关。
  「例3」The association of“substances”in the environment with the development of cancer was suggested in 1975 by Sir Percivall Pott,who reported the frequent occurrence of cancer of the scrotum in chimney sweeps chronically exposed to flue dusts.译文:1975年,Percivall Pott爵士提出,自然界中的“物质”与癌症的产生有联系。他说,在清扫烟囱时,长期和烟道中的灰尘接触使患阴囊癌的几率大大提高。
  「例4」In the immeasurable length of time since this form of behavior was acquired by the human race,language has always been the best integrated and most often used medium of cultural expression.译文:在漫长的历史长河中,自从人类习得了语言这种形式,它一直是最完整、最常用的文化交流媒介。
  2)其他介词,如in,for后的宾语翻译成汉语译文中的主语,而英语原文中的主语转换成了汉语译文中的宾语。
  「例1」Agricultural technique spreading centers have been set up everywhere in that province,helping farmers to do their work in a more scientific way.译文:该省已普遍成立了农技推广中心,帮助农民以更加科学的方法种田。
  「例2」And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.(1993年考研试题)
  译文:许多人以为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,认为这些思维过程经过某种专门训练才能掌握。
  「例3」Its crystal clear:whats been schemed for in his plan is power rather than money.译文:很清楚,他这个计划图谋的是权,而不是钱。
  (3)使用泛指主语,或译成无主句,即用“有人、人们、大家、据说、据报道”等表达法来转换被动意义;或者汉语译文中缺省主语或没有必要指出动作的执行者。通常可以这样翻译的有如下结构:It is asserted that… 有人主张……
  It is enumerated that… 有人列举……
  It is sometimes asked that… 人们有时会问……
  It is generally agreed that… 人们通常认为……
  It is suggested that… 有人建议……
  It is recommended that… 有人推荐……
  It is generally considered that… 大家认为……
  It is well known that… 大家知道(众所周知)……
  It is reported that… 据报道……
  It is supposed that… 据推测……
  It is estimated that… 据估计……
  It is predicted that… 据预测……
  It is found that… 据发现……
  It is said that… 据说……
  It is told that… 据传……
  It is hoped that… 希望……
  It must be pointed out that… 必须指出的是……
  It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
  It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以毫不夸张地说……
  It can be safely said that… 可以有把握地说……

  下面举例说明:「例1」But in 1890s a person might have thought it unlikely if he had been told that the entire urban landscape of the planet would be modified to accommodate the automobile.译文:对于一个生活在19世纪90年代的人来说,如果有人告诉他要改变地球上的城区面貌以便适应汽车的使用,他认为这不可能。
  「例2」It was long been assumed that aggression is caused by male hormones.Scientists today believe that male hormones are only part of the explanation,however.They say aggressiveness in boys is also caused by mothers.译文:长期以来,人们一直认为,这种进取精神是雄性激素所致。不过现在科学家们相信雄性激素只是部分原因。他们说,男孩子的进取心也是他们的母亲所致。
  (4)译成“被”字句,“被”也可以用“叫、让、给”等介词替代。
  「例1」Children will play with toys equipped with personality chips,computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell television,and digital age will have arrived.(2001年考研试题)
  译文:儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就来临了。
  「例2」They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets,and they are believed to have been the planetesimal——like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.译文:它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。
  「例3」There is also the danger of more people knowing things we would like to keep private.The more information is stored in computer,the greater the possibility of it being misused or accessed by the wrong people.译文:人们希望秘而不宣的隐私也将遇到被较多人探测出来的危险。在电脑存储的信息越多,被无关的人盗用或攫取的可能性就越大。
  「例4」Any time we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.译文:我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
  「例5」The murder was caught yesterday,and it is said that he will be hanged.译文:凶手已于昨天被捕,据说他将会被绞死。
  (5)译成“……的”或“……是……的……”:有些句子可以根据上下文的需要译成带表语性的主动句。例如:「例1」The idea of human society and of man himself as a reasoning being can not be separated from the fact men possess language.译文:人类社会的建立和人类自身之所以有理性是与其掌握了语言分不开的。
  「例2」Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.译文:沙滩上的足迹是走出来的。
  「例3」On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence,but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared,and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.译文:总的来说,得出这样的结论是有一定把握程度的,但必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。(注意上述翻译技巧在本题中的综合运用。本题中的其他三处被动形式“can be assumed”、“is being compared”、“was not punished”分别按“无主句法”、“被动隐含法”以及“被动译法”分别译出。)
  「例4」Poets are born,but orators are made.译文:诗人是天生的,而演说家是后天造就的。
  「例5」They(visual images)are formed,in ways we do not understand,out of the signals or information reaching us from the environment.译文:它们(视觉影像)是通过我们从外界环境中接受的信号与信息而形成的,而这一过程是我们无法理解的。除此之外,对于被动结构的翻译还有诸如译成“受、遭受、遭到、受到、叫做”等多种译法。如:「例6」The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors,including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.译文:流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。
  「例7」Throw a tennis ball on the floor.The ball bounces back.In the same way,when light falls on certain things it bounces back.When this happens,the light is said to be reflected.译文:将网球扔到地板上,球会弹回来。同样,光照到某些物体上时会弹回来。这种情况叫做受到反射。被动结构的翻译方法不仅仅局限于上述几种方法。因为归根究底,翻译的方法和技能技巧的发挥必须以语言的交际功能为依据和依归。在实际的语句翻译中,被动结构的翻译要求以上种种方法的综合的、灵活的运用,这是显而易见的。
  如上所述,我们根据近年来研究生英语入学考试中“英译汉”试题中所出现的有关句法现象,对句子的内在结构,尤其是对长句的内在结构做了详尽的分析。
  要透彻分析长句的深层结构,我们可以总结如下三点:
  ● 一句话的意义大致可以分为三个互相制约的层次:词汇意义、语法关系及主题关系。错误的翻译是表层词汇意义的拼缀。句子的意义必须深入到词项的语法关系和句子的主题关系层。
  ● 要抓住句子中词项与词项之间的语法关系和主题关系。必须识别英语的两大类词,即形态词与结构词。形态词即我们经常所说的名词、形容词、动词、副词等;结构词即介词、连词、冠词、关系代词、关系副词等。
  ● 考生抓住了一个句子的骨架含义后,对句子的分析并没有告终,这时必须做的工作就是要找出每一个修饰成分的语法关系和主题关系,以便确定其在深层结构中的位置。
  长句的复杂性不言而喻,但只要考生对它们做出正确的拆分,理解各个组成部分之间的关系,再加上大量的练习,相信会取得好成绩的。
  总之,在翻译长句时,首先,不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理,因为,无论是多么复杂的句子,它都是由一些基本的成分组成的;其次,要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析这几层意思之间的相互关系,再按照汉语的特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,而不必拘泥于原文的形式。

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